In 2025, Russian courts issued 478 sentences for treason, espionage, confidential cooperation with foreigners, and aiding the enemy. This figure is double last year's. This is stated in a report by "First Department" based on data from Parubets Analytics analysts. What they are tried for. The most common charge related to state security was treason, under which 376 people were convicted last year (78.7% of the total number of defendants in "espionage" cases). Last year, 58 people were convicted of espionage, 38 of confidential cooperation with foreigners, and only one of aiding the enemy. Analysts note that law enforcement agencies often reclassify cases of "confidential cooperation with foreigners" to full-blown "treason" because they consider the initial charge too lenient. This happened, for example, to Kaliningrad human rights activist Maria Bontsler. Five other defendants received sentences for mixed compositions of crimes. Four defendants in such cases were simultaneously charged with treason (applicable only to Russians) and espionage (applicable only to foreigners). Lawyers note that the "espionage" charge is applied for acts committed before forced acquisition of Russian citizenship, and "treason" for those committed after. Who and where is trying. In 2025, courts issued sentences in "espionage" cases in 64 regions, including annexed territories. Almost half of such cases were heard by four Russian military courts and four courts in the occupied Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson regions. The Southern District Military Court led the way, issuing 50 sentences to 50 defendants in state security-related cases. What sentences are handed down. The median prison sentence for treason is 15 years, for espionage - 14 years, and for confidential cooperation with foreigners - five years. The only sentence for aiding the enemy was 11 years in prison. At least four people were sentenced to life imprisonment for treason and espionage. The harshest sentence, excluding life sentences, was 27 years. Four out of five of these defendants are Ukrainian. Additionally, eight people were sent for compulsory treatment. Cases against two other defendants were dropped due to their deaths during the investigation. Seven cases were returned to investigators or prosecutors for tougher charges. Four sentences were overturned on appeal, as the prosecutor also requested a reclassification to a more serious charge. Who is being tried. Exactly one-third of the sentences (166) in "espionage" cases last year were handed down to Ukrainian citizens. Lawyers note that the actual number of cases against Ukrainians could be much higher, as most are heard in occupied territories. Furthermore, many Ukrainians are forcibly granted Russian citizenship and tried as Russians. Meanwhile, 72 Ukrainian citizens convicted last year are listed as missing. One has been considered missing since 2019, and another since 2021. 18 defendants in state security-related cases are under 20 years old. The youngest convict in 2025 was 18-year-old Yulia Sokolova from the Kherson region; she was only 17 at the time of her arrest. At the same time, 21 convicts are over 60 years old, the oldest being 73-year-old Alexander Markov from the Zaporizhzhia region. In most cases, courts hide the names and other details of the convicted. Full information was available in only 87 published cases.